Livorno is a purpose-built Medici port city whose modern identity formed through late-sixteenth-century planning, international commerce and the Livornine measures.
Its historic core reveals the link between port and city in the Fossi, former defensive waterways adapted for commercial use, and in Venezia Nuova, a mercantile district of canals, bridges, warehouses and merchant palaces. Its free-port history must be treated as historic context, not a current customs regime.
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