After a 1385 tax revolt in which Ferrara's citizens lynched the official who had raised their taxes, Niccolo II d'Este decided he needed a fortress, not just a palace, and had Bartolino da Novara build one around an existing tower, the Torre dei Leoni, right in the city center, complete with moat and working drawbridges.
Its lower cells later held Ugo and Parisina, Niccolo III's son and young second wife, whom he had beheaded in 1425 after discovering their affair, a story that still colors every tour of the dungeons. Upstairs, Duke Alfonso I's hanging Giardino degli Aranci offered the opposite of the cells below: orange trees in pots and a private terrace above the moat, for a court that could clearly be as cruel as it was cultivated.





